Effects on Right Ventricular Function One Year after COVID-19-Related Pulmonary Embolism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, who were stratified according to a previous diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) as a complication of COVID-19 pneumonia. Out of 68 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia followed up for one year, 44 patients (mean age 58.4 ± 13.3, 70% males) without known cardiopulmonary disease were divided in two groups (PE+ and PE-, each comprising 22 patients) and underwent clinical and transthoracic echocardiographic examination, including right-ventricle global longitudinal strain (RV-GLS), and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RV-FWLS). While no significant differences were found in the left- or right-heart chambers' dimensions between the two study groups, the PE+ patients showed a significant reduction in RV-GLS (-16.4 ± 2.9 vs. -21.6 ± 4.3%, p < 0.001) and RV-FWLS (-18.9 ± 4 vs. -24.6 ± 5.12%, p < 0.001) values compared to the PE- patients. According to the ROC-curve analysis, RV-FWLS < 21% was the best cut-off with which to predict PE diagnosis in patients after SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (sensitivity 74%, specificity 89%, area under the curve = 0.819, p < 0.001). According to the multivariate logistic regression model, RV-FWLS < 21% was independently associated with PE (HR 34.96, 95% CI:3.24-377.09, p = 0.003) and obesity (HR 10.34, 95% CI:1.05-101.68, p = 0.045). In conclusion, in recovered COVID-19 patients with a history of PE+, there is a persistence of subclinical RV dysfunction one year after the acute phase of the disease, detectable by a significant impairment in RV-GLS and RV-FWLS. A reduction in RV-FWLS of lower than 21% is independently associated with COVID-related PE.

Aerosol delivery through high-flow nasal therapy: Technical issues and clinical benefits.

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is an oxygen delivery method particularly used in patients affected by hypoxemic respiratory failure. In comparison with the conventional "low flow" oxygen delivery systems, it showed several important clinical benefits. The possibility to nebulize drugs via HFNC represents a desirable medical practice because it allows the administration of inhaled drugs, mostly bronchodilators, without the interruption or modification of the concomitant oxygen therapy. HFNC, by itself has shown to exert a small but significant bronchodilator effect and improves muco-ciliary clearance; thus, the nebulization of bronchodilators through the HFNC circuit may potentially increase their pharmacological activity. Several technical issues have been observed which include the type of the nebulizer that should be used, its position within the HFNC circuit, and the optimal gas flow rates to ensure an efficient drug delivery to the lungs both in "quiet" and "distressed" breathing patterns. The aim of this review has been to summarize the scientific evidence coming from "in vitro" studies and to discuss the results of "in vivo" studies performed in adult subjects, mainly affected by obstructive lung diseases. Most studies seem to indicate the vibrating mesh nebulizer as the most efficient type of nebulizer and suggest to place it preferentially upstream from the humidifier chamber. In a quite breathing patterns, the inhaled dose seems to increase with lower flow rates while in a "distressed" breathing pattern, the aerosol delivery is higher when gas flow was set below the patient's inspiratory flow, with a plateau effect seen when the gas flow reaches approximately 50% of the inspiratory flow. Although several studies have demonstrated that the percentage of the loaded dose nebulized via HFNC reaching the lungs is small, the bronchodilator effect of albuterol seems not to be impaired when compared to the conventional inhaled delivery methods. This is probably attributed to its pharmacological activity. Prospective and well-designed studies in different cohort of patients are needed to standardize and demonstrate the efficacy of the procedure.

Strategies Tackling Viral Replication and Inflammatory Pathways as Early Pharmacological Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Any Potential Role for Ketoprofen Lysine Salt?

COVID-19 is an infective disease resulting in widespread respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms prompted by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cell receptors prompts activation of pro-inflammatory pathways which are involved in epithelial and endothelial damage mechanisms even after viral clearance. Since inflammation has been recognized as a critical step in COVID-19, anti-inflammatory therapies, including both steroids and non-steroids as well as cytokine inhibitors, have been proposed. Early treatment of COVID-19 has the potential to affect the clinical course of the disease regardless of underlying comorbid conditions. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are widely used for symptomatic relief of upper airway infections, became the mainstay of early phase treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for using NSAIDs in early phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with focus on ketoprofen lysine salt based on its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features.

Effects of Different Corticosteroid Doses in Elderly Unvaccinated Patients with Severe to Critical COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce a broad range of clinical symptoms, and the most severe cases are characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response with the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-1B, and interleukin-6 have become key signatures of severe COVID-19. For this reason, the use of 6 mg of dexamethasone has become a standard of care, although this regime may not be optimal. Even though various glucocorticoid doses have been proposed, it is still unclear which dose should be used to prevent adverse effects while at the same time reducing the inflammatory response. Here, we compared two different doses of corticosteroids in 52 elderly hospitalized patients with severe to critical COVID-19 to assess efficacy and safety. We showed that in patients receiving a higher dose of prednisone, the time to negative swab was significantly longer. Furthermore, although neither dose was correlated with the risk of death, patients receiving the high dose were more likely to have adverse events such as hyperglycemia, leukocytosis, an increase in systemic blood pressure, and others. Finally, the BMI, WBC number, and NLR value were directly related to death. In conclusion, although the optimal glucocorticoid dose is still undefined, our retrospective study supports the absence of beneficial effects in the utilization of higher doses of corticosteroids in elderly patients with severe to critical COVID-19.

Mucolytic and Antioxidant Properties of Carbocysteine as a Strategy in COVID-19 Therapy.

SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a heterogenous spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from self-limiting upper airway infection to severe respiratory failure. Carbocysteine is a thioether mucolytic with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Carbocysteine has been shown to have anti-viral effects on human rhinovirus, RSV and the influenza virus as well as interfering with upper airway ciliary motility, the first site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to more effective mucus clearance and potential containment of viral spread towards the lower airway. Positive effects, in terms of limiting superimposed bacterial infection and reducing oxidative stress, have also been documented in COPD patients. Accordingly, Carbocysteine should also be considered in both post-exposure prophylaxis and early-phase treatment of COVID-19 in combination with other agents (monoclonal antibodies, antivirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and inhaled corticosteroids). In this review, we explored the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of Carbocysteine to delineate its potential therapeutic impact in patients with COVID-19.

Exploring the Role of Krebs von den Lungen-6 in Severe to Critical COVID-19 Patients.

COVID-19 encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. More severe cases experience acute respiratory and/or multiorgan failure. KL-6 is a glycoprotein expressed mainly from type II alveolar cells with pro-fibrotic properties. Serum KL-6 concentrations have been found in patients with COVID-19. However, the relevance of KL-6 in patients with severe and critical COVID-19 has not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Retrospective data from consecutive severe to critical COVID-19 patients were collected at UOC Clinica Pnuemologica "Vanvitelli", A.O. dei Colli, Naples, Italy. The study included patients with a positive rhinopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 RNA with severe or critical COVID-19. RESULTS: Among 87 patients, 24 had poor outcomes. The median KL-6 value in survivors was significantly lower when compared with dead or intubated patients (530 U/mL versus 1069 U/mL p < 0.001). KL-6 was correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r: 0.279, p: 0.009), lung ultrasound score (LUS) (r: 0.429, p < 0.001), Chung Score (r: 0.390, p < 0.001). KL-6 was associated with the risk of death or oro-tracheal intubation (IOT) after adjusting for gender, BMI, Charlson Index, Chung Score, and PaO2/FIO2 (OR 1.003 95% CI 1.001-1.004, p < 0.001). Serum KL-6 value of 968 has a sensitivity of 79.2%, specificity of 87.1%, PPV 70.4%, NPV 91.5%, AUC: O.85 for risk of death or IOT. CONCLUSIONS: The presented research highlights the relevance of serum KL-6 in severe to critical COVID-19 patients in predicting the risk of death or IOT.

Three Month Follow-Up of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia Complicated by Pulmonary Embolism.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated persistent dyspnoea and impairment of respiratory function in the follow-up of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia. However, no studies have evaluated the clinical and functional consequences of COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by pulmonary embolism. Objective: The aim of our study was to assess the pulmonary function and exercise capacity in COVID-19 patients 3 months after recovery from pneumonia, either complicated or not by pulmonary embolism. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-centre, observational study involving 68 adult COVID-19 patients with a positive/negative clinical history of pulmonary embolism (PE) as a complication of COVID-19 pneumonia. Three months after recovery all patients underwent spirometry, diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and 6 minute walk test (6MWT). In addition, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the lung was carried out and CT-pulmonary angiography was conducted only in the PE+ subgroup. Patients with a previous diagnosis of PE or chronic lung diseases were excluded from the study. Results: Of the 68 patients included in the study, 24 had previous PE (PE+) and 44 did not (PE-). In comparison with the PE- subgroup, PE+ patients displayed a FVC% predicted significantly lower (87.71 ± 15.40 vs 98.7 ± 16.7, p = 0.009) and a significantly lower DLCO% predicted (p = 0.023). In addition, a higher percentage of patients were dyspnoeic on exercise, as documented by a mMRC score ≥1 (75% vs 54.3%, p < 0.001) and displayed a SpO2 <90% during 6MWT (37.5% vs 0%, p < 0.001). HRCT features suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia resolution phase were present in both PE+ and PE- subjects without any significant difference (p = 0.24) and abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography were detected in 57% of the PE+ subgroup. Conclusion: At the 3 month follow-up, the patients who recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by PE showed more dyspnoea and higher impairment of pulmonary function tests compared with those without PE.

Which impact for proton pump inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

Identification of risk factors for severe outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is an important issue in COVID-19 management. Much attention has been focused on comorbidities as well as drugs taken by patients. Usage of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) appears to potentially influence disease course. These drugs are known to reduce stomach acid and also modulate the immune system. Their use, prior to and during COVID-19 infection, seems to predispose to the development of more severe pneumonia and therefore to a greater risk of mortality. Instead, the use of histamine receptor 2 antagonists (H2RAs) seems to be associated with a better outcome in patients with COVID-19, in terms of symptoms, risk of intubation and death. As PPIs are essential for treatment of many disorders, usage of these drugs should be balanced considering the benefits and risk ratio, in order to guarantee their correct use for the necessary time. It remains to be clarified whether the detrimental effects, in terms of COVID-19 severe outcome, are due to PPIs or to the underlying disease for which they are administered. New controlled-randomized trials are required to better understand their impact in SARS-CoV-2 infections. *Vanvitelli/Monaldi COVID Group: Adriano Cristinziano, Carolina Delle Donne, Cecilia Calabrese, Fabio Perrotta, Filippo Scialò, Francesco Lassandro, Gennaro Mazzarella, Giorgio Paoli, Leonardo De Luca, Maria Galdo, Miriam Buonincontro, Roberta Cianci, Rosalba Donizzetti, Stefano Sanduzzi Zamparelli, Tullio Valente, Vito D'Agnano, Vittorio Bisogni.

SARS-CoV-2: One Year in the Pandemic. What Have We Learned, the New Vaccine Era and the Threat of SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

Since the beginning of 2020, the new pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 and named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19) has changed our socio-economic life. In just a few months, SARS-CoV-2 was able to spread worldwide at an unprecedented speed, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, especially among the weakest part of the population. Indeed, especially at the beginning of this pandemic, many reports highlighted how people, suffering from other pathologies, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, are more at risk of severe outcomes if infected. Although this pandemic has put the entire academic world to the test, it has also been a year of intense research and many important contributions have advanced our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 origin, its molecular structure and its mechanism of infection. Unfortunately, despite this great effort, we are still a long way from fully understanding how SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates organismal physiology and whether the current vaccines will be able to protect us from possible future pandemics. Here, we discuss the knowledge we have gained during this year and which questions future research should address.